Cleanup lecture, remove later chapters and extend the presentation in the variables-and-datatypes chapter

Smallsuggestions

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!59

# Conflicts:
#   lecture/06_arrays.tex
#   lecture/08_classes.tex
#   lecture/14_metaprogramming.tex

Update 14_metaprogramming.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!69

Update 06_arrays.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!68

Update 07_namespaces.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!67

Update 02_basics.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!66

Update 03_operators.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!65

Update 05_references.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!64

Update 11_iterators.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!63

Update 04_functions.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!62

Update 13_template_specialization.tex

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!61

Line-488: 'ob'->'of'. Line-534: dana->data.

See merge request teaching/scprog/wi2019!60

Line54:either  
Line120: This prevents  
Line207: calls

Line54: Universal Initialization

Line92: sub-namespace

Line722: to  
Line632: and  
Line606: i3  
Line422: to
line267: function  
Line658: than  
Line682: are

Line127: '||' -> 'or' operator being italicized is a little confusing.  
Line132: an  
Line253: undefined behavior

Line20:not  
Line170:new sentence suggestion  
Line154: address

Line167: removed als
Line2: of
line375: third

Line418:const

Line71:MyPoint. Line 80:Section heading in English. Line5:advantageous.

commas are much rarer in English than in German. I'm no expert on this but but gut feel for English tells me that those commas shouldn't be there

I searched for ' c++' since 'c++' also appears in all minted environments where it should not be changed.
Goal: standardize way of writing c++/C++ in text

I had the impression that this sentence sounded like poorly translated from a German sentence that is itself not of good style. I shortened it hoping that the meaning wasn't corrupted.

2. change: typo