So far, the long form of the quadratic bending energy has been
implemented and tested, and it appears to do the right thing.

This is a snapshot commit.  The code remains out-commented until
it is finished.

[[Imported from SVN: r8403]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8402]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8401]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8400]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8399]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8385]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8384]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8381]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8380]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8378]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8377]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8376]]

New implementation properly handles the two sheets.

Now the TargetSpace test passes again.  Yay!

[[Imported from SVN: r8375]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8374]]

The new implementation should take proper care of the two-sheet structure.

I am writing 'should' here: it still fails the test sometimes,
but then the result appears to be close enough to think rounding errors
are responsible.

[[Imported from SVN: r8373]]

The new implementation properly handles the double-sheet structure

[[Imported from SVN: r8372]]

don't keep a private implementation of derivativeOfArcCosSquared -- use the one from UnitVector instead

[[Imported from SVN: r8371]]

Properly taking into account the two-sheet covering structure

[[Imported from SVN: r8370]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8369]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8368]]

Now it properly handles the situation that p and q may be on
different sheets of the double cover.

[[Imported from SVN: r8367]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8366]]

Which highlights the fact that the code was hacky in the first place:
These type conversion should not be necessary.  Will be fixed soon.

[[Imported from SVN: r8365]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8364]]

we know the function value when calling evaluateDerivative.  So let's give that value to the method, to prevent it from recomputing it

[[Imported from SVN: r8363]]

To compute the derivative you need the function value (see my paper).
Therefore, it is computed as the first thing in the evaluateDerivative
method.  However, frequently, the assembler also needs the function value,
and also computes it.  Hence the function value is computed twice.
Since computing the function values takes quite a bit of time
this patch removes that redundancy, at the price of a slightly
more complicated API: if you happen to know the correct function
value when calling evaluateDerivative, you can now hand over the
value.  Then evaluateDerivative uses that value instead of recomputing it.

Short measurements have shown a speed increase between 25% and 45%.

[[Imported from SVN: r8362]]

Much nicer: I can have the surface and the director vector fields
all in one file.

[[Imported from SVN: r8361]]

The speed increase cause by the patch is, alas, hardly measurable.

[[Imported from SVN: r8360]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8353]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8352]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8351]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8350]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8349]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8348]]

This is now mandatory since Quaternions are not implicitly casted to Rotations
anymore (via Quaternion --> FieldVector<4> --> Rotation).  This implicit cast
lead to a nasty bug here, because it involved a normalization of the argument.

[[Imported from SVN: r8347]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8346]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8345]]

This is safer, because calling the constructor implicitly
can lead to unwanted quaternion normalization.
(happened to me...)

[[Imported from SVN: r8344]]

Even though multiplication of Rotations is the same thing
as multiplication of Quaternions, in the first case the
output is a Rotation class, and in the second on a Quaternion
class.

[[Imported from SVN: r8343]]

[[Imported from SVN: r8342]]